Part-1
Fibre
What’s are textile
fibre?
Ans.: Fibre
that can be spun into yarn or processed into textiles, such as fabric, knit,
lace, felt, non-woven etc, by means of an appropriate interlacing method.
In order for a textile fibre to be spinnable, its length should be at
least 5 mm, In addition it must be supple or flexible, present sufficient
cohesiveness and be strong enough. Other properties more or less designable
include – elasticity, fineness, Uniformity, durability, luster, crimp and
ability to absorb moisture.
Staple
Fibre: A fibre type with limited length which is generally measured. It
includes fibre of natural origin ( for example – Cotton, wool, jute, flexic)
and those obtained chopping filaments. Staple fibre needs to be processed in
the spinning machinery to transfer them into yarns.
Filament:-
A fibre type characterized by extreme length that is not measured. The extreme
length of filaments permits fabrication into Yarn without or with very low
twist and without the usual spinning operation required for transforming fibres
into yarns. Example of filaments are –
- Polyester
- Nylon
- Acrylic
- Spandex
- Silk etc.
General
Properties of textile fibre:
- Tenacity / Specific strength (g/den0
- Length (cm/inch)
- Fineness (mic-value,
gm/inch
- MR% & MC% (Moisture Regain and Moisture Content) cotton 8.9
- Specific Gravity (g/c-c)
- Elongation (%) and Elastic Recovery (%)
- Initial youngs modulus (g/den)
- Breaking length (inch/cm)
- Extension (%)
- Maturity
- Swelling and water
retention (%)
- Static Electrification
- Glass transition
temperature (T9)
- Crystalline melting
point (Tm)
- Discoloration
- Specific heatT
- hermal Conductivity
- Burning Behaviour
- Pilling behabiour
- LOI % (limiting Oxygen
Index)
- Degradation
- ETC.
- Chemical Composition
- Effect of acids
- Effect of organic solvents
- Effect of insects
- Effect of micro organisms
- Fine Structure and appearance
- Micro structures
- Cross – sectional view
- Longitudinal view
- Properties /
performance in Application:
- Domestic application
- Business application
- Industrial application
- Technical application
Yarn
Yarn formation: Yarn is made from fibres. Primitive people discovered that a succession of short fibres could be twisted into a continuous yarn. The direction of twist way be absorbed by holding the yarn in a vertical position.
There are two types of twist in yarn.
Such as, 1)“S” Twist and 2)“Z” Twist.
If the spiral conform to the direction of
th slope of the central part of the letter “S”, the yarns has an “S” Twist.
If the spiral conform to the direction of
th slope of the central part of the letter “Z”, the yarns has an “Z” Twist.
The
amount of twist is an important factor for the yarn. It determines the
appearance service ability of the yarns. Fine yarns require more twist than
coarse yarns. Yarn may be soft-twisted, hard-twisted and maximum-twisted
depending upon the type of fabric to be woven.
What is spinning?
➡️The process of making yarns from fibres is called spinning. There are different methods of spinning for yarn preparation. Such as –
- For staple yarns:
- Ring Spinning
- Rotor or Open-end Spinning
- Friction spinning
- Self twist spinning
- Electro-static spinning
- Vortex Spinning
- Air jet-spinning
- Twist less- Spinning
- For filaments yarns:
- Dry spinning
- Melt spinning
- Wet spinning
- Bi-Component Spinning
- Bi-Constituent Spinning
- Film-Splitting
- For Integrated multi-component Yarns:
- Integrated composite spinning
- Cover spun
- Silfil yarn spinning
- Aero-dynamic spinning
Types of yarns: There are various types of yarn, each having its own characteristics. These characteristic very according to the construction treatment given in the manufacture of the yarn.
Machine in Blow-Room:
- Blender/ Mixing machine
- Hopper Ball opener / Breaker
- Cleaners: -
- Step / Ultra cleaner
- Vertical / Crighton opener
- Axiflow chamber
- Porcupin opener
- S.R.LL opener
- Beaters:
- Bladed beaters
- Krisher beater
- Hopper feeder
- Scutcher / lap former
